Pronlems with gender identiyu theroy
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Sex is assigned at birth, refers to one’s biological status as either male or female, and is associated primarily with physical attributes such as chromosomes, hormone prevalence, and external and internal anatomy. To clarify what is meant by “gender” and “sex,” we begin with a widely used definition, here quoted from a pamphlet published by the American Psychological Association (APA): Though biological sex is innate, and gender identity and biological sex are related in complex ways, they are not identical gender is sometimes defined or expressed in ways that have little or no biological basis. We will argue here, similarly, that there is little scientific evidence that gender identity is fixed at birth or at an early age. In Part One we argued that scientific research does not give much support to the hypothesis that sexual orientation is innate and fixed. In the case of children, this is sometimes articulated by saying that a little boy may be trapped in a little girl’s body, or vice versa. There is a clear need for more research in these areas.Īs described in Part One, there is a widely held belief that sexual orientation is a well-defined concept, and that it is innate and fixed in each person - as it is often put, gay people are “born that way.” Another emerging and related view is that gender identity - the subjective, internal sense of being a man or a woman (or some other gender category) - is also fixed at birth or at a very early age and can diverge from a person’s biological sex. We are concerned by the increasing tendency toward encouraging children with gender identity issues to transition to their preferred gender through medical and then surgical procedures. Science has shown that gender identity issues in children usually do not persist into adolescence or adulthood, and there is little scientific evidence for the therapeutic value of puberty-delaying treatments. Gender dysphoria - a sense of incongruence between one’s biological sex and one’s gender, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment - is sometimes treated in adults by hormones or surgery, but there is little scientific evidence that these therapeutic interventions have psychological benefits.
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Research investigating whether these transgender individuals have certain physiological features or experiences in common with the opposite sex, such as brain structures or atypical prenatal hormone exposures, has so far been inconclusive. The causes of such cross-gender identification remain poorly understood. Some individuals identify as a gender that does not correspond to their biological sex. It is generally taken to refer to behaviors and psychological attributes that tend to be typical of a given sex. By contrast, the concept of gender is not well defined. The concept of biological sex is well defined, based on the binary roles that males and females play in reproduction.
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